Childhood seizures: assessment of the knowledge, attitude and home interventions among patients attending a paediatric outpatient clinic in Nigeria

Most seizures in children occur outside the hospital and effective first aid would protect individuals from harm. Study assessed the knowledge, attitude and home-based interventions for childhood seizures.Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey conducted from 1stJune to 31stDecember, 2021 among caregivers of patients in a Paediatric outpatient clinic. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to assess knowledge, attitude, and home intervention of childhood seizures. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 and results presented as frequency tables, percentages and charts. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant.Results: Out of 218 respondents, the commonest source of information on childhood seizures was from friends and relatives 126(73.2%). Fever was the commonest known cause. Only 15(6.9%) recognized seizure as a neurological disorder. Jerking of the body and clenchingof the teeth were the commonest recognizable symptoms. The majority said seizures were contagious (176(80.7%) and children with seizures should not go to school 187(85.8%). The overall knowledge score was poor. Negative attitudes included avoidance 19(8.7%), isolation from playing with peers (15(6.9%) and from the public 17(7.8%). Common interventions during seizures were putting palm kernel oil in the mouth while only 25(29.4%) took the child to the hospital or laid him down away from harmful objects 25(29.4%). The practice of home intervention for seizures was good in only 11(5.0%) of respondents

COVID-19 and medical educator perceptions: Sense-making during times of crisis

Background. Although crises are generally considered uncommon, health professions education (HPE) literature gives evidence of repeated and ongoing crises. This has been most recently demonstrated by the global impact of COVID-19. Crisis management literature proposes that such recurrent crises are opportune moments for learning. While there has been much literature published that describes changes made to the format of HPE amid COVID-19, there has been little attention given to the perceptions of medical educators. Medical educators' experiences may serve as a resource to uncover lessons that may have been learnt during this period. Objective. To address the gap in the literature, by analysing the perceptions of medical educators at the University of Cape Town (UCT) during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020-2021. Methods. A qualitative case-study approach was adopted. Rich data were collected from four medical educators using semi-structured interviews and a focus group discussion, and then analysed using a reflexive thematic approach. Results. The data indicated that educators grappled with a multitude of struggles during the COVID-19 pandemic. These were analysed thematically as: tensions with technology, balancing expectations, and the distribution of support. However, surface-level challenges faced by educators seem to belie a much deeper personal struggle. Conclusion. The data suggest that whe the rany learning occurs and what is learnt are embedded within the process of sense-making. If institutions of higher education aim to adopt proactive responses to crises, then further research ­ as well as support for these sense-making processes during crises ­ should form a critical part of overall institutional preparedness.

A human rights-based approach to coercive public health interventions: lessons from the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and its impact on countries across the globe has been unprecedented. The lack of pharmaceutical interventions to prevent or treat infection have left States with limited avenues to control the spread of the virus. Many countries have introduced stringent lockdowns along with regulatory regimes that give governments new powers to compel compliance with these regulations and to punish non-compliance. This article investigates the use of compelled public health interventions during both the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics and how these can be aligned to human rights. This includes discussion on the use of interventions such as mandatory quarantine and isolation, compelled testing, criminalisation of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Africa. This article also outlines what State obligations are in relation to pandemic responses, both in terms of mandating an effective response and which human rights principles should underscore these responses. Using South Africa as a case study, this article analyses whether the use of these interventions complies with international human rights law. We assess the use of compelled public health interventions in both the HIV and COVID-19 pandemics against established human rights principles applicable to pandemic responses. This article discusses lessons to be learnt about the relationship between human rights and public health interventions across both pandemics so as to guide human rights-based approaches to future pandemics as well as subsequent stages of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Hypertensive Crisis

Hypertension is a common medical problem. It affects approximately one in four adults worldwide; with evidence that the prevalence is rising. In the USA; approximately 30 of adults have some form of hypertension.1 It is estimated that 1-2 of the hypertensive population will present with an acute and severe elevation of blood pressure at some stage; i.e. hypertensive crisis: systolic blood pressure 180 mmHg; or diastolic blood pressure 120 mmHg.2

Assessing Interventions Available to Internally Displaced Persons in Abia State; Nigeria

Internally displaced persons are faced with several problems; such as sexual violence; and deserve appropriate intervention; especially in view of the increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS and other infections in Nigeria. This study attempts to assess interventions offered by governmental authorities and organizations to internally displaced persons and to identify gaps in services as well as to identify what needs to be strengthened. Method: The author reviewed relevant published and unpublished documents and collected data by interviews with semi-structured questions. Twenty-five organizations and government and police departments and 55 internally displaced persons were interviewed.Results: None of the organizations; including governmental institutions; provided social services or assistance in prevention of HIV/AIDS to internally displaced persons. The main services provided by 17 (68) organizations to 43 (78.2) of internally displaced persons were provision of food; clothing and money; but these were provided on an ad hoc basis. Only 3 organizations (12) included spiritual counseling and resolution of communal conflicts in their services. Conclusion: The fact that most organizations; including the government; do not have services for internally displaced persons indicates lack of support for internally displaced persons. The government should be urged to include these people in most prevention services; including HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment. This should help reduce the national prevalence of HIV/AIDS